marriage under fire :: essays research papers

Marriage enduring an onslaught We should recollect what marriage is for and why God has given it the plan he did. Marriage is to be between a man and a lady. This returns to the get-go and why God made lady in any case; â€Å"to give an accommodating mate to Adam; it was bad that man ought to be alone† (Genesis 1:18, 20-23). So we see that marriage was God's thought, not men. Knowing this, why on the planet would we as Americans give that privilege to gay couples? Marriage is a gift the God provided for man. In the public eye today, numerous people have overlooked the significance of marriage. Individuals have the inclinations to wed anybody at whenever in light of the fact that they don't see the criticalness of marriage and God. America was established by God and his convictions. The United States shouts God wherever from cash to the Pledge of Allegiance. Therefore meaning, for what reason would the United States, a position of God, permit something ethically off-base and evil? Some would contend that gay marriage is a positive development for human rights. They trust it is a demonstration of opportunity. This isn't right since gay marriage is everything God remains against. Residents today don't reserve the option to attempt to include or erase any sacred texts in the Bible to support themselves. God made the Bible to control individuals the correct way. Individuals need to peruse the holy book so as to comprehend the word, not to transform it. Tolerating gay marriage would just damage America. It is a significant danger to the structure of families. The nation ought not trifle with the significance of marriage and on a higher note attempt and remove it. â€Å"Marriage resembles a fresh out of the plastic new vehicle: when you remove that vehicle from the vehicle parcel its estimation deteriorates. Giving gay people the option to wed would devalue the estimation of marriage and the pride it once conveyed will be no more. In addition to the fact that it does that, however more critically it conflicts with God! We should safeguard our qualities and profound quality for a long time into the future, for those kids being conceived today and next year.† The marriage between two individuals of a similar sex is against Gods convictions, a danger to the structure of families and a transgression to humanity. With commitment and steadiness individuals who contradict gay relationships can prevail with regards to completion the discussion of making it legitimate.

The Truth about Random Roommates in College

At the point when I got the notification, I was overwhelmed with sentiments of antagonism. It wasn’t so much that I was concerned that I would be awkward. As a matter of fact truly, it was that I was concerned that I would be awkward. In any case, it was additionally on the grounds that I anticipated some feeling of control, some feeling of inborn solace that I grew up so acquainted with. Living with two arbitrary folks wasn’t my first decision, however it turned into a reality I needed to rapidly permit myself to deal with. This isn’t to state that my two irregular flat mates were individuals of comparable foundations as I either, in light of the fact that it appeared just as somebody in Xavier University’s Admittance Department needed to make a mixture in a room made for two. There was Shuhei, a 5’6†, Japanese multi year old who, at that point, was living in New Jersey without anyone else. Through following him on Facebook, in addition to the fact that I found out that he played hockey, yet additionally that he hadn’t refreshed his profile since Sophomore year. â€Å"What an individual,† I pondered internally. The perceptions started to thrive. At that point there was Kyle, a 6’2†, Filipino and African American multi year old who had an ESPN profile, yet in addition a couple of recordings on Youtube acting in his Chicago based high school’s plays and partaking in their early daytime broadcasting administration. â€Å"In comparison,† I started to think, â€Å"I unquestionably come in second as far as suffering qualities. â€Å" In this way, there I sat, still on my friend’s lounge chair, stressed that school would have been a type of an inconceivable errand on the grounds that in addition to the fact that i am living in a room that’s unreasonably little for us, yet in addition since I couldn’t be more not quite the same as them two. I chose to do what any consistent scholar with certain hints of summed up tension would do: start a gathering visit. It didn’t take long for me to understand that we were all inclination a similar way and we as a whole needed to make the best out of the hand we were managed. Let’s simply state that our best surpassed the entirety of our desires. Established in somewhat of a clichã ©, we became the best of companions. Staying along with two others around other people powers another sort of relationship to create. There is a consistent update that in spite of the fact that these individuals are outsiders, we use on a similar latrine and shower now. In spite of the fact that these individuals are outsiders, we snooze cots on one another. In spite of the fact that these individuals are outsiders, it doesn’t imply that we can't turn out to be close. There is one, significant plan to recollect when you get your flat mate task: they are feeling the equivalent definite way you are in that circumstance, and chances are you share something in like manner. Every college pulls in and acknowledges explicit sorts of individuals that make up their understudy body. Thus, on the off chance that you were acknowledged and decided to join in, you will undoubtedly locate some shared opinion. Free yourself up to other people, so others will open up to you. Composed by an understudy at Xavier University.

7 Email Templates for Your Next Job Application (Loved by Hiring Managers)

7 Email Templates for Your Next Job Application (Loved by Hiring Managers) Applying for a job can be a difficult and daunting task for anybody, especially for those who are young and have just graduated. If you have just started looking for your first full-time job, then chances are you are very unfamiliar with the entire job hunting landscape.You need to conduct plenty of research to craft the perfect tailored resume and cover letter fitting the job and the company. That is already hard enough. Now, you need to email these documents to the organization you are applying to. However, that is easier said than done. Many applicants put so much time and effort in their cover letters and resumes, but neglect to do the same with their emails.Nobody uses snail mail any longer to send in their job applications; email is the de facto standard of sending job applications. You need to be able to write the perfectly structured and formatted email that will be well received by hiring managers.Hiring managers receive a ton of email every day and see a wide spectrum of jo b emails. Many job application emails are so poorly written that hiring managers do not even bother opening any of the attachments! You need to stick to a professional style that recruiters love. How do you make your email stand out from the crowd? © Shutterstock.com | blossomstarWe are here to help you answer that question. We are providing you with some tips and, more importantly, email templates you can use to write your own job application email. Young graduates will benefit immensely from this article because they will learn so many tips to help them create an amazing job application email.In addition, experienced professionals who are now looking for a new job will learn a thing or two about job application emails, something that was not frequently used in the late 20th century. If you want your email to be read and loved by recruiters, then keep on reading.JOB APPLICATION EMAIL TIPSBefore we present the various email templates we have prepared for you for your next job application, we want to lay out some things you should definitely do to make your email excellent. If you follow these tips, your email will definitely be positively received.Use a Professional Email AddressIf there is one thing you take away from this ar ticle, it is that you need to ensure you have a professional email address. Do not send your job applications from an email address you made as a child or as a teenager. While it may have been cool to use a fun email address when you were younger, that will never viewed in a positive light by recruiters.You are now an adult so you need a correspondingly professional email address. Try to use your first name and last name in your email address. For example, john.clarke@gmail.com or sandra.meyers@yahoo.com are very professional email addresses.When hiring managers see a job application from an email that is professional, they can actually take you seriously. Otherwise, they will not.Be Focused and BriefMake sure to keep your job application email brief and get to the point quickly. The very first sentence in the first paragraph in the body of your letter should state your intentions clearly.As a result, recruiters will understand from the get-go what the email is all about. They will respect the fact that you mean business when you keep it short and simple. All of your details are in your cover letter; it is not necessary to say much in your email. State what you have enclosed, and show appreciation for considering your application. It is not necessary to go beyond this. One thing that you can mention is your work experience, but even that should be brief and pertinent.In case an employee at the company referred you, make a note of this in the email. You should have definitely mentioned this in your cover letter, but something as important as a reference should also be stated in the email. The earlier, the better. It adds more weight to your application.Write an Informative Subject LineThe email subject line should include your name and the position you are applying to. This is perhaps the most overlooked portion of an email, especially one for a job application. Before even opening an email, recruiters will read the subject line. If it is irrelevant, they will not open it.Ensure that it is relevant by stating the position, mentioning your name, and expressing that it is a job application. Recruiters receive a copious amount emails daily, so make sure your subject line is informative and gets to the point. In case your job post has a reference number or code of some kind, include this in the subject line. This will make it even easier for recruiters to associate your application with a particular job post.Some more tips on writing an email where you get a fast response. Use Only a Formal Greeting and ClosingAn email for a job application should be professional. This is not the place to be casual and friendly. If you write it in a very casual manner, it will come across as being an amateur and disrespectful. Using the appropriate formal greetings and closings will convey a sense of professionalism and respect to hiring managers.Never start your email with “Hi” or “Hello.” That is reserved for people who you know. You do not know you r hiring manager on a personal level. Never address them by their first name. Again, you should be respectful and address them by their last name. The safest and most professional manner of addressing hiring managers in a job application email is “Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name.” This salutation is very formal, something recruiters love to see.Likewise, your closing to your email should be equally formal and professional. Do not end it with “Best Wishes” or “Cheers.” These are far too casual for a professional email that could decide whether you get the job. You require a closing more formal. “Regards” or “Sincerely” are the best closing remarks for a professional email.Include a Professional Electronic SignatureWhen jobseekers would send hiring managers paper letters in the past, they signed their letters just below the closing remark. You cannot do this in an email.However, you can still add an electronic signature that is far more elaborate than a regular signature. A signature is simply a stylized version of your name or initials. An electronic signature consists of many elements that make it very similar to your address that would put in the header section of a letter.The following should be included in any electronic signature:Your NameYour AddressYour EmailYour Phone NumberAlways include your electronic signature according to the format written above. It goes at the very end of your email. An electronic signature contains various means of contacting you. This makes it very easy for hiring managers to contact you if you have left a good impression on them. This is the de facto standard for all professional emails, especially for job application emails.Always Add Relevant AttachmentsYour job application email is only significant if it contains the documents to support your candidacy. State in your email that you have enclosed your resume, cover letter, and any other necessary documents that are required for the position.Double check that you a ctually attached them. Sometimes, applicants forget to actually attach these documents in an email and when a hiring manager cannot find them, they do not bother to consider the email any longer. Make sure that you attach these files, because they will ultimately determine if you are indeed eligible for an interview.JOB APPLICATION EMAIL TEMPLATESNow that you know what to include in your email and how to write it, you can view the templates for job applications. We are presenting several types of templates you can use to convince your recruiter to take your seriously. All of these templates have been proven to be effective at winning over hiring managers. Emails are a science, and we have cracked the code to make it successful for you.We must state that your job application email is by no means a cover letter. It does not substitute the contents of your cover letter or your resume. There is no need to repeat all of those contents in the body of your email. This email should only suc cinctly highlight your intention to work at a particular company.Unlike a cover letter, business letter, or any other physical letter, an email does NOT require a header that contains your address and the company’s address. Those are reserved for physical letters, not electronic ones. An email is structured slightly differently than a regular letter, as you will see below.Template 1 â€" For Young and Fresh GraduatesIf you have just graduated, or about to graduate very soon, then you need to make this statement in your job application email. This template is made just for you, to help you get started on your career.Subject: Name of Applicant â€" Name of Position, Job Reference NumberDear Mr./Ms. Last Name,  I came across a very exciting position on your job portal that I believe fits me perfectly. I am interested in applying for the position of Development Engineer (Job Reference Number A123) at Sony Electronics. After reading the job description and requirements and matching it wi th my own experiences, I know that I would be a valuable asset to your organization.  I recently graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas. I now want to apply my skills in a multinational company like Sony. As a development engineer, I can implement engineering concepts to design innovative and ingenious products for consumers.I have attached a cover letter, resume, and certificates for your consideration. Please take a moment to go through them to get a better picture of who I am.I would love to talk to you in more detail regarding this amazing opportunity at your company. It would give me great pleasure to hear back from you regarding my application.  Sincerely,Your NameYour AddressYour Phone NumberYour Email AddressTemplate 2 â€" For Experienced ProfessionalsIf you have been working for a number of years already and are on the lookout for a new job at another company in your industry, then this email template is made for you. Your experience here is very important and should be emphasized in your email.Subject: Name of Applicant â€" Name of Position, Job Reference NumberDear Mr./Ms. Last Name,  I have 4 years of experience as a Software Developer at my previous company. I came across an interesting position of Software Tester (Job Reference Number 9467) on your website. Company XYZ is renowned for testing all kinds of software and applications before they are released. As I know how they were programmed, I would be able to quickly detect all bugs and errors that need to be rectified. My skillset and expertise makes me a valuable asset to your organization.After graduating with a degree in Computer Science, I worked at Company ABC as a software developer for 4 years. I designed and programmed engineering software that students use in academia. I now want to challenge myself in a new environment and your company offers just that.I have attached a cover letter, resume, and certificates for your conside ration. Please take a moment to go through them to get a better idea of who I am.I would love to talk to you in more detail regarding this amazing opportunity at your company. I look forward to hearing back from you regarding my application.  Sincerely,Your NameYour AddressYour Phone NumberYour Email AddressTemplate 3 â€" Having an Internal ContactSometimes, the best way to get a job is to be referred by your friend who works at a company or by someone else you may have met who also works there. In these scenarios, it is best to include this information in your email. This will make your application stand out.Subject: Name of Applicant â€" Name of Position, Job Reference NumberDear Mr./Ms. Last Name,  My friend Sandra Cooper, who is a Chemical Engineer at your company, recommended me to apply to this company for the position of Junior Chemical Engineer (Job Reference Number N364). I have a deep interest in chemistry and I want to take Bio Corp to next level with my diligence and re silience in the lab. Since I studied alongside Sandra in school, she knows my potential very well so when you hire when, you will be getting a great professional who can deliver results.  I recently graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Sydney. I now want to apply my skills in a world-renowned chemical engineering firm like Bio Corp. I enjoy conducting tests in a laboratory and I am very familiar with the chemicals you are working with.I have attached a cover letter, resume, and certificates for your consideration. Please take a moment to go through them to get a better picture of who I am.I would like to have the chance to personally talk to you regarding this amazing opportunity at your company. I hope to hear back from you regarding my application.  Sincerely,Your NameYour AddressYour Phone NumberYour Email AddressTemplate 4 â€" A Shift in Careers or IndustriesIf you are an experienced worker, the prospect of shifting careers or even entering an entirely different industry may have crossed your mind. You are looking for an exciting new challenge, and pursuing a new career track could give you what you are looking for.In these situations, your email should reflect your interests and the things you can bring to a company. Leverage your experiences to make this happen.Subject: Name of Applicant â€" Name of Position, Job Reference NumberDear Mr./Ms. Last Name,  I have 8 years of experience as a marketing consultant and now I am looking for a new challenge. Your company specializes in digital marketing, something that I have been learning every week for the past several years and have applied a lot this past year. I want to apply for the position of SMM Specialist (Job Reference Code KM52) at your company because I know a lot about social networks. You will be getting a great professional who can deliver exception results if you hire me.  I have worked with some the biggest Fortune 500 organizations, helping them design their ad campaigns when they were launching new products and services. I now want to apply my skills in an online world. I know that online marketing is the future and I can take your company to a higher level with my expertise and contacts.I have attached a cover letter, resume, and recommendation letters for your consideration. Please take a moment to go through them to get a better idea of my credentials and experiences.I would like to have the chance to personally talk to you regarding this amazing opportunity at your company. I hope to hear back from you regarding my application.  Sincerely,Your NameYour AddressYour Phone NumberYour Email AddressTemplate 5 â€" Following Up After a Personal ConversationMany jobseekers attend job fairs to get in touch with companies personally and speak with recruiters to get a better understanding of job prospects. Sometimes, a jobseeker leaves a very good impression on a recruiter and the recruiter offers their business card to the m. This is your perfect opportunity to apply to the company for your desired position.Subject: Name of Applicant â€" Name of Position, Job Reference NumberDear Mr./Ms. Last Name,  We spoke yesterday at the IT job fair in downtown San Francisco. We had an engaging conversation regarding your company’s activities and I described how my goals align with those of your company. You even handed me your business card at the end of our conversation. I did some further research on your company and the positions available. The one that stood out to me is the one you actually suggested me to apply to â€" robotics programmer.As a quick reminder, I recently graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechatronics Engineering from the University of Cambridge. I now want to apply my skills in electronics and mechanics at a robotics company. As a robotics programmer, I can implement engineering concepts to design innovative and ingenious robots and electrical machines.I have attached a cover l etter, resume, and certificates for your consideration. Please take a moment to go through them.I would love to talk to you again to discuss more about career opportunities at your company. It would give me great pleasure to hear back from you regarding my application.  Sincerely,Your NameYour AddressYour Phone NumberYour Email AddressTemplate 6 â€" Applying After Contacting on Social MediaWith the advent of LinkedIn, the entire landscape of job hunting has radically changed. You can now connect with professionals working at your target company and establish a common ground to boost your chances of being hired. Many jobseekers communicate with human resources employees beforehand and then send their job applications. In that case, this email template will help you out with that.Subject: Name of Applicant â€" Name of Position, Job Reference NumberDear Mr./Ms. Last Name,  I reached out to you on LinkedIn a few days ago and we had a brief conversation about job opportunities at your c ompany. You said that I could send you a speculative application and your company will interview me and find an appropriate department for me to work in. I am interested in working at Nintendo as a games developer. I firmly believe that I can make a significant impact in your company in whatever role you deem would fit me.  I recently graduated with a degree in Computer Engineering from the Princeton University. I minored in games development and I now want to apply my skills in one of the largest games developer on the planet. As a games developer, I can create innovative and fun designs for your video games.I have attached a cover letter, resume, and certificates for your consideration. Please take a moment to go through them to get a better idea of who I am.I would love to talk to you in person regarding amazing and exciting opportunities at your company. I would be very grateful to hear back from you regarding my application.  Sincerely,Your NameYour AddressYour Phone NumberYou r Email AddressTemplate 7 â€" Applying for an InternshipSo far, we have presented many templates that jobseekers can use if they are applying to a full-time position. But what if you are looking for an internship? Is it the same? No, it is not. There are subtle differences in the email. Fortunately for you, we have a template geared towards those looking to intern at a company.Subject: Name of Applicant â€" Name of Position, Job Reference NumberDear Mr./Ms. Last Name,  I am currently in my final year at the University of British Columbia and I want to intern at your financial institution. I major in finance and I want to establish a career in banking. After reading about your company, I am very interested to work at Citibank, one of the largest investment banks in the world. I want to learn from the best in the industry and give back to the organization.  I am studying BBA â€" majoring in finance and with a minor in management. I now want to apply my skills in a multinational bank l ike Citibank. I can implement the financial concepts I learned in school.I have attached a cover letter, resume, and transcripts for your consideration. Please take a moment to go through them to get a better picture of who I am.I would love to talk to you in more detail about interning at your company. It would give me great pleasure to hear back from you regarding my application.  Sincerely,Your NameYour AddressYour Phone NumberYour Email AddressCONCLUSIONIn this article, we have gone over several tips you should definitely follow to write the most professional and polite email for a job application. Never forget to keep your subject line of your email, as well as the body of your email, brief and focused. It should not be as long as an essay. Your cover letter is there for that.Also, do not repeat what is on your resume; just give the key points and nothing else beyond that. You need to create your very own electronic signature for job application emails and you should only encl ose pertinent documents.Furthermore, you know have a wide variety of templates to follow to help you write your own job application email. We have provided various scenarios that you may be in when looking for a job. You could be a fresh graduate or an experienced professional â€" one of these templates will surely fit your situation and requirement.Now that you know what to include in your email and how to format it, go out there and start sending you job applications. We assure you that hiring managers will love what they are reading.

Calculating Torque With Examples

When studying how objects rotate, it quickly becomes necessary to figure out how a given force results in a change in the rotational motion. The tendency of a force to cause or change rotational motion is called torque, and its one of the most important concepts to understand in resolving rotational motion situations. The Meaning of Torque Torque (also called moment — mostly by engineers) is calculated by multiplying force and distance. The SI units of torque are newton-meters, or N*m (even though these units are the same as Joules, torque isnt work or energy, so should just be newton-meters). In calculations, torque is represented by the Greek letter tau: Ï„. Torque is a vector quantity, meaning it has both a direction and a magnitude. This is honestly one of the trickiest parts of working with torque because it is calculated using a vector product, which means you have to apply the right-hand rule. In this case, take your right hand and curl the fingers of your hand in the direction of rotation caused by the force. The thumb of your right hand now points in the direction of the torque vector. (This can occasionally feel slightly silly, as youre holding your hand up and pantomiming in order to figure out the result of a mathematical equation, but its the best way to visualize the direction of the vector.) The vector formula that yields the torque vector Ï„ is: Ï„ r Ãâ€" F The vector r is the position vector with respect to an origin on the axis of rotation (This axis is the Ï„ on the graphic). This is a vector with a magnitude of the distance from where the force is applied to the axis of rotation. It points from the axis of rotation toward the point where the force is applied. The magnitude of the vector is calculated based upon ÃŽ ¸, which is the angle difference between r and F, using the formula: Ï„ rFsin(ÃŽ ¸) Special Cases of Torque A couple of key points about the above equation, with some benchmark values of ÃŽ ¸: ÃŽ ¸ 0 ° (or 0 radians) - The force vector is pointing out in the same direction as r. As you might guess, this is a situation where the force will not cause any rotation around the axis ... and the mathematics bears this out. Since sin(0) 0, this situation results in Ï„ 0.ÃŽ ¸ 180 ° (or Ï€ radians) - This is a situation where the force vector points directly into r. Again, shoving toward the axis of rotation isnt going to cause any rotation either and, once again, the mathematics supports this intuition. Since sin(180 °) 0, the value of the torque is once again Ï„ 0.ÃŽ ¸ 90 ° (or Ï€/2 radians) - Here, the force vector is perpendicular to the position vector. This seems like the most effective way that you could push on the object to get an increase in rotation, but does the mathematics support this? Well, sin(90 °) 1, which is the maximum value that the sine function can reach, yielding a result of Ï„ rF. In other words, a force applied at any other angle would provide less torque than when it is applied at 90 degrees.The same argument as above applies to cases of ÃŽ ¸ -90 ° (or -Ï€/2 radians), but with a value of sin(-90 °) -1 resulting in the maximum torque in the opposite direction. Torque Example Lets consider an example where youre applying a vertical force downward, such as when trying to loosen the lug nuts on a flat tire by stepping on the lug wrench. In this situation, the ideal situation is to have the lug wrench perfectly horizontal, so that you can step on the end of it and get the maximum torque. Unfortunately, that doesnt work. Instead, the lug wrench fits onto the lug nuts so that it is at a 15% incline to the horizontal. The lug wrench is 0.60 m long until the end, where you apply your full weight of 900 N. What is the magnitude of the torque? What about direction?: Applying the lefty-loosey, righty-tighty rule, you will want to have the lug nut rotating to the left - counter-clockwise - in order to loosen it. Using your right hand and curling your fingers in the counter-clockwise direction, the thumb sticks out. So the direction of the torque is away from the tires ... which is also direction you want the lug nuts to ultimately go. To begin calculating the value of the torque, you have to realize that theres a slightly misleading point in the above set-up. (This is a common problem in these situations.) Note that the 15% mentioned above is the incline from the horizontal, but thats not the angle ÃŽ ¸. The angle between r and F has to be calculated. Theres a 15 ° incline from the horizontal plus a 90 ° distance from the horizontal to the downward force vector, resulting in a total of 105 ° as the value of ÃŽ ¸. Thats the only variable that requires set-up, so with that in place we just assign the other variable values: ÃŽ ¸ 105 °r 0.60 mF 900 N Ï„ rF sin(ÃŽ ¸) (0.60 m)(900 N)sin(105 °) 540 Ãâ€" 0.097 Nm 520 Nm Note that the above answer involved maintaining only two significant figures, so it is rounded. Torque and Angular Acceleration The above equations are particularly helpful when there is a single known force acting on an object, but there are many situations where a rotation can be caused by a force that cannot easily be measured (or perhaps many such forces). Here, the torque often isnt calculated directly, but can instead be calculated in reference to the total angular acceleration, ÃŽ ±, that the object undergoes. This relationship is given by the following equation: ÃŽ £Ãâ€ž - The net sum of all torque acting on the objectI - the moment of inertia, which represents the objects resistance to a change in angular velocityÃŽ ± - angular acceleration

College essay topics to write about Effective Communication - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2362 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction It is not unusual for employees to approach organisational change with the mentality they inherited from their social-cultural environment. The impetus for instant change is not obvious at all. Behavioural change does not happen because it is suggested, recommended, or enforced by a manager (or anyone else). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "College essay topics to write about Effective Communication" essay for you Create order Change happens because one sees value and personal benefit in making the change. As a result, it is imperative that change agents understand the power they exert in attempting to implement organisational change initiatives. Change agents are catalysts for workplace behavior modification. They devise motivational plans that trigger the inspiration for employees to follow agent directives. Hence, it is not enough for management teams to think of change in terms of organizational requirements. Managers who seek the expertise of change agents are wise in so doing. Expert change agents are knowledgeable in understanding potential road blocks that inhibit employees from making the necessary adaptations to new initiatives. Social and cultural environments contribute towards the complexity of behavior modification. This paper presents a transformation initiative whereby the change agents utilise effective communication as a tool to create a vision and the credibility necessary to inspire vol untary participation in behavioural change. Creating Vision and Credibility Through Effective Communication Effective communication is instrumental to the success of organisation change initiatives. When done intentionally well the emotional rewards are satisfactory. But, when it fails to impart the messages necessary to complete projects the results can be catastrophic (Hunt, 2014). Misunderstandings, antipathy, and a host of other negative emotions could seriously damage business relationships. Good communication contributes towards operational and process efficiencies (Hunt, 2014). Therefore, it follows that the value of using effective communication as a tool can never be over-emphasised or underrated for the impact it makes on successful outcomes. This paper presents the communication process undertaken by a primary change agent with a twenty manager team. The goal is to develop a change management plan that transitions the organisation from a traditional work-group to a team-based culture. Discussions include the channels of communication, traditional work-groups versus team bas ed organisations, the role of the primary change agent, the communication team, assumptions made, the transition process, change initiative communication, team credibility, faith creation, and answering tough questions. The paper concludes with a recapitulation of the content. Traditional Working Groups Versus Team Based Organisations This section distinguishes working groups from team-based organisations. They do not function in the same capacity, hence, the necessity to differentiate them here. Traditional working groups (WG) within organisations function independently. Examples of traditional WGs are accounting and human resource departments or new product divisions. These departments work independent of each other. Work is individualised (Zaharia, Dogaru, Boaja, 2014). In contrast, team-based organisations focus on different skills and competencies that come together to meet a common goal. Teams are not limited to functional requirements. Teams use a cross-functional composition to work in a common goal scenario. Individuals do not function independent of the group goals. Everyone working together achieve the goal (Zaharia, Dogaru, Boaja, 2014). Primary Change Agent Leadership Role Buono and Subbiah (2014) suggest that primary change agents (PCA) are effective to the extent that they understand the cultural environment, are able to identify influential key players, and possess the ability to provide mentorship, as well as, positive role modeling. Buono and Subbiah (2014) suggest further that PCAS are influencers. They motivate and inspire change in others. Additionally, PCAS have internal systems knowledge and can troubleshoot problems as they arise. Buono and Subbiah (2014) propose an example of PCA as someone who is able to identify subtle disturbances that could potentially interfere with change processes. A manager who is perceptive, tactful, and diplomatic is considered an effective PCA. Another example is a manager who understands the business and how it acquires revenue from beginning to end. Still another example is a manager who can create partnerships and alliances throughout the organisation (Tan Kaufman, 2015). The Communication Team Lira, Ripoll, PeirÃÆ' ³, and Zornoza (2013) suggest that team popularity has increased within the past decade. They assert further that teams are effective only to the extent that they can complete project related tasks on time using various modern day technologies, such as, social networks, and computerised mediums. Teams must become efficient in developing effective interpersonal relationships. Lira et al. (2013) recommend that Human Resources facilitate ongoing leadership development training to increase group efficacy and competency. The communication team serves to facilitate the interactions between management and the workforce. Their plans will include educatory processes that will help the workforce make sense of the transition process. Bolman and Deal (2008) advise on the complexity of organisation change and the ambiguities that are ever present in the communicative process. They recommend that the managers reflect upon their images to become aware of potential erro neous perspectives. They encourage managers to be intuitive and consider that failure is one component of success. Context Assumptions Presented here are the assumptions made concerning the PCA. The PCA is experienced in matters of effective organisational change. The PCA understands the communication process. The PCA is competent in leadership roles. Finally, the PCA is very well versed in team dynamics and organisation political processes. The following assumptions are made within the context of the subject matter contained herein: the Organisation Change Team (OCT; twenty managers) assigned to this project is positive and enthusiastic about this change initiative. They exude a spirit of participation with proactive attitudes. They view this project from a servant leadership perspective. They expect challenges and understand that every project has unforeseen circumstances that must be addressed ad-hoc (Kotter Cohen, 2002). Transitioning To A Team-Based Environment Transitioning the cultural environment from that of a working group to a team-based one requires the acknowledgement and acceptance that the external environment has forever changed the way organisations learn new skills (Katzenbach Smith, 2003). Empirical research on team transition from traditional work groups to teams is lacking. The general consensus is that change is necessary, but implementing a change initiative is challenging. Gardner (2009) suggests that employee resistance and lack of management support top the list of reasons for project failures. Bolman and Deal (2008) discuss the importance of providing opportunities to learn about emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence as it has been presented by Goleman (1995) indicates the importance of empathy and acknowledging the emotions of others. Goleman posits that emotional intelligence has greater significance than does intellectual abilities. Showing compassion and empathy is instrumental in employee engagement processes (Goleman, 1995). Idris, Dollard, and Tuckey (2015) propose that organisations can do much in terms of contributing towards employee well-being. They suggest that employers create environments conducive to learning opportunities. Idris et al. (2015) found a strong correlation between safe psychosocial environments and job satisfaction. Idris et al. (2015) suggest that employees who feel intellectually stimulated are more likely to exude stronger intrinsic motivation stimulus. Such stimulus becomes the driving force that creates inspiration to participate in the change initiative. Change Initiative Communication Plan Presentation Style Nawar (2012) recommends the use of symbols as a form of visual education (p. 61) with the goal to communicate a message in the absence of language. However, the visual elements (photos, videos, and symbols) cannot replace (and should not be used to replace) the verbal component of the communication process. Visuals used in conjunction with language enhance the comprehension process. Nawar (2012) proposes that audio-visual presentations increase understanding of the subject content. As a result, the leadership team will add video content to their presentations. The suggested theme for the videos will be called Excite Your Senses Go Ahead and Make the Change! using the Monarch Butterfly as a symbol of transformation. According to the USDA Forest Services, Monarch butterflies are the only butterflies to survive the challenges of migration twice per year (Migration, nd). The objective of this approach is to help set the stage for understanding the challenges that come with change ( Kotter Cohen, 2002). Channels Of Communication Berger and Iyengar (2013) suggest that communication in modern day society is multidimensional because of the multiple modalities used to transmit messages. There are social network mediums (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and others). There are many email exchanges (Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo, and others). There are interactive networks, such as, Tango and Skype. Finally, there is face-to-face interactions. Berger and Iyengar (2013) studied the various ways in which one message can be constructed using different platforms. They found that written messages provided greater opportunity to improve the communication process because more time is required to write than it is to talk. The studies also showed that conversations contributed to the acceptance of referrals and recommendations. Given the results of the aforementioned research, it follows that the potential of employees voluntarily engaging in behavioural changes increase when managers engage them in conversations as opposed to sen ding out memos via emails. Medlin and Green (2014) support the concept that effective management increases the prospect that employees will voluntarily commit their time and intellectual resources for the benefit of the organisation. They conducted a study to propose that positive management interaction with employees resulted in improved performance. They found that employees who felt valued and appreciated were both effective and efficient. One principle that Medlin and Green (2014) found that contributed to increased production was unity of clarity (p.27). This principle aligns with the channels of communication to ensure that effective communication between the management team and employees produce results. Team Credibility Vigliotti and Gregory (2013) propose that managers establish credibility by aspiring to become active, show competence, and demonstrate respect towards others. Managers must create safe environments by maintaining open communication processes. They should be approachable, honest, and of high integrity. They must demonstrate superior active listening skills. Clarity and simplicity are synonymous (Kotter Cohen, 2002). Additionally, creativity, authenticity, and credibility precede message crafting (Hatfield, 2012). Hatfield (2012) suggests further that messages must arouse emotional energy if they are to have any effect on the intended audience. Hence, it is imperative that managers dedicate significant time towards drafting their vision statement. The articulated vision must inspire intrinsic motivation in the employees or the risk of failure to engage the workforce becomes imminent (Kotter Cohen, 2002; Hatfield, 2012). Creating Faith in The Change Effort LaFasto and Larson (2001) assert that faith in the change effort is created when management practices demonstrate clarity, confidence, and commitment. Empowering teams to make decisions that implement changes faster also creates faith. Management shows faith when they believe that the teams are equipped to handle challenges that arise. Finally, establishing a culture of constant accountability and excellence conation sends a strong message of trust and belief throughout the organisation (LaFasto Larson, 2001; Kotter Cohen, 2002; Hatfield, 2012). Answering Tough Questions Kotter and Cohen (2003) suggest that all change efforts engender questions intended to alleviate anxiety. Management can and should prepare answers for the tough questions. However, the best practice in answering questions comes from being sincere and honest. Fusco, ORiordan and Palmer (2015) encourage leaders to remain authentic. Managers can do this by expressing a strong sense of self-awareness and confidence by way of their actions. Open communication, information sharing, and honesty in ones interpersonal relations increase the possibility that the tough questions will be perceived as inquisitive and welcomed.. Jones (2013) advises managers to refrain from distorting or manipulating the facts of impending changes if they intend to gain the trust and respect of their employees. Conclusion This paper introduced an organisation change initiative that involved the transitioning from a traditional work-group to a modern day team-based culture. Discussions involved the transition process, the role of the primary change agent, the communication team, change initiative communication plan, team credibility, creating faith in the change effort, and answering tough questions. Context assumptions were made to provide the understanding that major change initiatives cannot be undertaken by inexperienced managers. References Berger, J., Iyengar, R. (2013). Communication channels and word of mouth: How the medium shapes the message. Journal Of Consumer Research, 40(3), 567-579. doi:10.1086/671345. Bolman, L. G. Deal, T. E. (2008). Reframing organizations Fourth edition. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Buono, A. F., Subbiah, K. (2014). Internal Consultants as Change Agents: Roles, Responsibilities and Organizational Change Capacity. Organization Development Journal, 32(2), 35-53. Fusco, T., ORiordan, S., Palmer, S. (2015). Authentic Leaders are Conscious, Competent, Confident, and Congruent: A Grounded Theory of Group Coaching and Authentic Leadership Development. International Coaching Psychology Review, 10(2), 131-148. Gardner, P. J. (2009). Organizational change: All we want is better projectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ why so difficult? AACE International Transactions. 3.1-3.25. Goleman, D. (2015). Emotional intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.danielgoleman.info/topics/emotional-intelli gence/ Hatfield, C. (2012). Crafting your story using personal narrative. Training Journal, 45-47. Hunt, K. (2014). Communicating with the practice team. Practice Nurse, 44(10), 36-40. Idris, M. A., Dollard, M. F., Tuckey, M. R. (2015). Psychosocial safety climate as a management tool for employee engagement and performance: A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Stress Management 22(2), 183-206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038986 Jones, R. (2013). Never stop learning and never stop asking tough questions. Public Relations Tactics, 20(9), 17. Katzenbach, J. R. Smith, D. K. (2003). The wisdom of teams. New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishers. Kotter, J. P. Cohen, D. S. (2002). The heart of change: Real-life stories of how people change their organizations. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. LaFasto, F. Larson, C. (2001). When teams work best. Sage Publications Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA. Lira, E. M., Ripoll, P., PeirÃÆ' ³, J. M., Zornoza , A. M. (2013). The role of information and communication technologies in the relationship between group potency and group maintenance outcomes: a longitudinal study. Behaviour Information Technology, 32(2), 147-155. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2011.630421. Medlin, B. Green, K. W. (2014). Impact of management basics on employee engagement. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 13(2), 21-35. Migration and overwintering (nd). USDA Forest Service. Retrieved from https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/Monarch_Butterfly/migration/index.shtml Nawar, H. (2012). Multicultural transposition: From alphabets to pictographs, towards semantographic communication. Technoetic Arts: A Journal Of Speculative Research, 10(1), 59-68. doi:10.1386/tear.10.1.59_1. Tan, A. Kaufman, U. H. (2015). Making good change agents: Attitude, knowledge, skills. Retrieved from https://www.isixsigma.com/implementation/change-management-implementation/making-good-change-agents-attitude-knowledge-skill s/ Vigliotti, D., Gregory, J. L. (2013). Review of Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, why people demand it (2nd ed.). Journal Of Leadership Studies, 7(2), 62-63. doi:10.1002/jls.21283. Zaharia, V., Dogaru, M., Boaja, D. (2014). Working group versus team work. Knowledge Horizons.Economics, 6(4), 146-149. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1669

The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost - 1297 Words

The most famous poems are popular because of their versatility – the ones whose messages are valid beyond their era. Of course, our personal experiences shape the way we perceive things, which is why one artwork can have multiple different interpretations. Though there may not be any singular correct meaning, having contextual knowledge of a poem certainly helps us understand the thoughts and feelings that inspired the poet at the time. The poem I’ll be unveiling is â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, one of the most well-known poets of the modern literature movement. He lived most of his life in America but moved to the UK a few years before World War 1. (Schmoop, 2008). Frost is known for pioneering the idea that poetry deserves to be spoken out loud, using rhythm and meter, giving his work a traditional ambiance. The title ‘The Road Not Taken’ suggests there is no â€Å"right† path, only the chosen path and the other path. It will always be the path â€Å"not taken† and hold the mysterious unknown – always leaving the speaker wondering what has been irrevocably lost. The poem explores making choices and the theme of individualism. The purpose of the poem was to provide assurance that there will never be a right or wrong choice. To understand these ideas further, we must open the doors to Robert Frost’s life and what, or in this case who, inspired his poem. -- Frost lived with his family in the countryside of Great Britain from 1912 to 1915. (Orr, 2015). Half a mile away livedShow MoreRelatedThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost983 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken was written by Robert Frost, a four-time Pulitzer Prize winner in poetry, and also a special guest at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration (Robert Frost Biography). Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California and he died of complications from prostate surgery on January 29, 1963. Much of Robert’s popularity was gained throughout Europe (An Analysis of Robert Frost’s Poem: The Road Not Taken). Frost became a poetic force, and the unofficial poetRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost764 Words   |  3 PagesWritten by Robert Frost, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† deals with about making choices in life and how those choices affect your whole life. The meter of this poem is iambic tetrameter, for the most part. In most lines, the meter follows the rule with four iambs, which means that there is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. But the meter is not normal since, in some lines, an anapest, which means there are two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable, is substituted forRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1173 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, one of America’s well-known poets is highly regarded for his realistic illustrations of rural life and poetry which is still relevant in today’s society. After being honoured on numerous occasions, he became one of America’s most popular public figures. Frosts’ poems reflect his greatness and his life in a variety of ways after he was confronted with such despair and grief after the passing of his father due to tuberculosis at just eleven years of age and his mother who passed awayRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost995 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can only move forwar d hoping for the best. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, Robert Frost, 1916. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† a traveler is strolling through the woods and comes across two different roads he could take, and unable to travel both the poet eventually chooses which path to take. The theme conveyed is about making choices. Frost does this through the use of diction, the use of figure of speech, and the use of imagery. To start with, Frost displays the main idea of decision making by the wordsRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1055 Words   |  5 Pagesago. Either way, if you admit it now or in the wee hours of the night, like most people, you will come across this question at least once in your life. Robert Frost was able to grasp this raw, vulnerable life changing moment in the palm of his hand. Then he beautifully laid it out in the form of words in the narrative poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. Frost is able to take you back to a time when you have been faced with a life-changing decision. Then, causing you to ask yourself â€Å"Did I make the right choiceRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost940 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Road Not Taken† was written by Robert Frost in 1916, and it was the first poem in the collection Mountain Interval (Shmoop). Even though it was written many years ago, people of all ages still study this enticing poem. Frost wrote about coming to a fork in the woods and examining which path he should take and whether he might ever come back; the speaker believes each path is fine to take, but he takes the less used path (line 6). He wrote about this decision in clear, standard English. â€Å"TheRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, by Robert Frost is a detailed poem about a conflict in a person’s life, dealing with having to take the right path throughout life. The Narrator of this poem is faced with a predicament when he comes across two paths. The choices that he makes in his life, can alter the future for better or worse. This poem describes his attitude and emotion towards his choices as well as, shows examples of themes, mood, and different literary devices. The title of this poem canRead MoreThe Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost968 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Response 3 Title: The Road Not Taken Text Type: Poem Author: Robert Frost The poem, ‘The Road Not Taken’ by Robert Frost is about the â€Å"roads† and different paths we take in our lives. Frost wrote about a traveler who had to chose between two roads. He had to decide if he wanted to go down the well used or less used path. In the end, he went down the less used path. The theme of decision making and choices is shown in this poem. I think that this is a way of describing the choices we makeRead MoreRoad Not Taken, Robert Frost942 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 101 Burstrem October 7, 2009 The Road Not Taken Life is full of choices and decisions that could ultimately change the outcome of our lives. In the poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, a traveler is destined to make that decision. This traveler man has to decide which road to take, one that is frequently traveled, and the one that is not. After contemplating which road to follow, he comes to the decision to take the road less traveled because he doesn’t want to follow inRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1100 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost reflects that poetry â€Å"begins in delight and ends in wisdom†¦.It runs a course of lucky events , and ends in a clarification of life—not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are found on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (931). His poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a clarification of life. This paper will analyze and evaluate the formal elements of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and consid er how these elements work together to fit the author’s purpose and clarification

Director Shareholder Liabilities Insolvency â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Director Shareholder Liabilities Insolvency? Answer: Introduction Solvency is referred as the abilities of an organization or its members for paying out all their debts that are due as well as unpaid till the date mentioned under section 95 A(1) of the Corporations Act 2001. Here, the value of assets is always higher than that of liabilities, which indicates that dues can be easily payable by the solvent organization. However, in section 95A(2) of the Corporations Act, a person unable to pay the dues or debts on time is termed as an insolvent and the situation is known as insolvency. Here, the situation is completely vice-versa, where liabilities exceed the assets in an organization (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2012). Additionally, liquidation of a company means winding up, the last step taken into consideration in case the debt amount is left unpaid. Here, the assets are sold at a discounted rate to recover the due amount leading to company disclosure (ASIC, 2017; Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2012). The paper explores diverse concepts related to insolvency and its impact in Australia. Management, Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC)s role in insolvency issues are analyzed within real life situations, which finally helps in the accomplishment of the paper objective. Signs of Insolvency along with Required Actions of the Directors Warning signs related to the insolvency risks are situations in business, which indicates the inability to pay off debts. Few of the signs are inability to pay the due taxes, where the organization starts ignoring the tax payments because they are bound to pay wages of the employees, supplier along with creditor demands. Usage of superannuation contribution of the employees for trading, experiencing continuing losses along with reduced cash flow as well as receiving legal notices on behalf of the creditors are few signs that push the business towards insolvency. For instance, if an organization does not pay the creditors on due date of 25-30 days, suppliers will further push them to pay or demand Cash on delivery for the next orders. Therefore, credit supply will be over, which will badly affect the already unbalanced cash flow (BTSA, 2017) Some additional signs include inadequate amount of sales along with lack in sales forecast and increased in the account receivable with the passa ge of time, thereby relying on obtaining finance or loans at high interest rates. Besides, financial records stay incomplete while the organization is found to be incapable of selling any further stock as stock turnover is quite low. All these signs align with the causes of insolvency of an organization (BTSA, 2017a). Directors need to understand the application of five rules to handle the insolvent situation in an organization starting with avoiding the resistance to acknowledge as well as to display pro-activeness by acting quickly and as early as possible. Additionally, the directors should look for adopting vigorous standards, where monitoring will be improved by considering the assets, liabilities, cash flows and bank facilities of the organization. The board of directors must further seek financial along with legal advice for developing alternative plan, when the existing plan is about to fail. At such instances, they can inject fresh funds to overcome the situations of financial difficulties. Moreover, directors should ensure that the banks are informed and engaged in the complex situations, where possibilities of short term loans may be provided to their organization for restructure and for turning-around the situation. The turnaround as well as restructuring strategies will take time and therefore directors need to keep patience and ensure engagement of stakeholders for its successful implementation (Corrs, 2017). The Potential Liabilities of Company Directors When a Company becomes Insolvent A director will be personally liable for breaching the rules and regulations of the organizations, based on the need to take potential action for recovering the debts. It is the legal duty as well as obligations of a director to act for companys benefit pertaining to the organizational objective. Directors are in turn responsible for administering the organization in support of the shareholders. According to the Corporations Act 2001 and common law, a director needs to uphold certain duties, which additionally considers limited liability of the corporate entity. Any breach of these duties can lead to legal consequences, which will in turn include civil along with criminal penalties, sanctions as well as directors disqualification for their post (Moroney, 2017, ASIC, 2016). Some of the potential liabilities of a director starts with delivering security or acting like a guarantor over assets of the shareholders in the company. Additionally, directors need to ensure that no trading take place, when the company has already become insolvent and determines the debts incurred. Moreover, a director is liable due to the losses caused by the breach of their duties. Besides phoenix activity also takes place in illegal terms, where transfer of assets to a new organization undertakes intentionally for saving tax and avoiding payment to creditors along with employee entitlements. Furthermore, a director is personally liable under ATOs Director Penalty Regime for withholding the amount of Superannuation Guarantee Charge (SGC) or Pay As You Go (PAYG), in case the company is unable to repay the amount. Hence, organizations ensure enough assets to pay off these debts (Moroney, 2017, ASIC, 2016). The Different Avenues Available to the Director Or Company if it presumes to be Insolvent There are three different avenues available for a director, if the company is presumed to be insolvent, which include voluntary administration, liquidation along with receivership. Voluntary administration is a process, where future direction of the company is resolved at a quicker pace. Here, voluntary administrator, an independent as well as suitably qualified individual work and control the entire company to save its business by making a way out. Here, the voluntary administrator further takes the responsibility to pay off the creditors in a better way. A director can also act as a voluntary administrator after obtaining a written consent from registered liquidator. The second option is liquidation, where a liquidator is appointed to control the insolvent company and work accordingly for the creditors benefit on fair basis. A director needs to call a meeting with the other member if they initiate the liquidation process. Here votes are considered for permanently winding up the com pany by the liquidator or taking the help of court for completing the process. The last option is receivership, where a secured creditor appoints a receiver to collect as well as sell assets of an organization to repay the owed debt (ASIC, 2014; ASIC, 2017a). This can be inferred from the topical issue of Value-stream Investment Management Ltd v Richmond Management Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 898 (Federal Court of Australia, 2012). Hence, a secure creditor needs to hold some security on few assets of the company to complete the process. A director can also be a secured creditor but requires seeking advice prior to the appointment of any receiver (ASIC, 2014; ASIC, 2017a). Difference between Voluntary and Involuntary Interventions Aligned with Organizations Potential Insolvency Company liquidation is the process that takes place when the organization is unable to pay off the dues to the creditors and saving it through voluntary administration becomes useless. The two process of liquidation has been differentiated below: Voluntary Liquidations Voluntary liquidation is considered essential, when companys business becomes completely insolvent and trading needs to be stopped. Here, the process is initiated by the directors along with company members to wind up by passing a required resolution as well as by getting a liquidator appointed. Additionally, the liquidator can be selected by the director and members in voluntary liquidation. The remaining assets of the company are sold and the fund recovered to pay off to the creditors by the liquidator as per the Corporations Act (CRS Insolvency Services, 2014; Australian Government, 2014). Involuntary Liquidations Involuntary liquidations start when a creditor, who owes money from the organization initiates an involuntary liquidation for its winding up and recovering the amount with the help of court. A statutory demand may be issued on behalf of the creditors by the district or local court in the first judgment session. Court may hence appoint an official liquidator for the process or a provisional one (CRS Insolvency Services, 2014; Australian Government, 2014).This can be regarded contingent based on the topical issue of Andrew Fielding as Liquidator of Lyngray Developments Pty Ltd v Dushas Anor [2012] QDC 96 (District Court of Queensland, 2012). Hereby, the creditor who initiated the process has all the rights to choose a liquidator during involuntary liquidation process to recover the funds (CRS Insolvency Services, 2014). Outcomes Other than Winding Up of a Company during Insolvency Instead of winding up, a company may look for alternative procedures such as voluntary administration as well as DOCA (Deed of Company Agreement) during insolvency, which may rescue them from the degrading situation and lead to positive outcome. Voluntary administration is conducted by an independent administrator, who is appointed to review the company affairs and rescue it from getting wound up (Taylor, 2017; Australian Government, 2014). This can be explained through the topical concern of Robinson, in the purview of Darrell Lea Chocolate Shops Pty Ltd (Administrators Appointed) [2012] FCA 833 (Federal Court of Australia, 2012a). Moreover, directors can appoint the administrators on behalf of the stakeholders along with creditor prior to their suspect of inability to pay off, who are directly supervised by the ASIC as well as the Court. During administration, the company is provided with a moratorium period before creditors enforce any action on the secured individuals along with the landlord. The procedure may take a maximum of one month, where business trading affairs will be investigated. At the end, a meeting will be convened with the creditors, where voluntary administrator will outline the existing affairs along viability of the company to continue operations. The options can be considered eligible in this situation including return in the authority to the directors, placing the company into liquidation or proposing DOCA to the creditors. DOCA is payment agreement by a third party or director on behalf of the company, where the key objective is to formally allow a restructuring process for the financial suffering company. DOCA in turn helps in binding all the unsecured creditors except personal agreements to pay-off a debt. If the company fails to restructure, they have to sign the DOCA as per the creditors orders. Hence, if company ignores to sign the DOCA, it will automatically fall into liquidation and the administrator will become a liquidator (Tay lor, 2017; Australian Government, 2014). The Statistics on Insolvency Regarding Australian Companies Australian companies insolvency statistics are measured by ASIC. In the present section, data from four quarters including September and December 2016 along with March and June 2017 is analyzed, whereby the quarterly total appointments were 2,299, 1817, 1717 and 2198 respectively. The EXAD or external administration remained below 4% in every quarter from July 2016 to June 2017 and the total appointments were recorded to be 8031, where average total was 2008 (ASIC, 2016a; ASIC, 2016b; ASIC, 2017b; ASIC, 2017c). Some of the statistical data related to these four quarters has been provided in the appendix section. Role of ASIC Along with Other Statutory Authorities Considering Insolvent Company ASIC is the regulator of corporate, financial as well as market services in Australia, which ensures transparency and fairness in the financial market, thereby maintaining economic reputation and well being of the nation. ASIC does its maximum of the work as per the prescribed norms in the Corporations Act 2001. Strategic priorities promote trust along with confidence amongst investors as well as financial consumers. Some of the key roles include improving and facilitating the financial systems performance, enforcing law, promoting information and confidence engagement of the consumers along with investors, thereby administering the corporate law in an effective manner and lastly building information considering the other statutory bodies and companies easily accessible to public. ASIC in general is a government body controlling the financial system in Australia, starting from a companys registration to its winding up along with liquidation (ASIC, 2017d). Conclusion The study clearly indicates the concepts of insolvency and several processes related to its functioning. It was hence evident that insolvency is effective due to the misuse of the financial system by the directors instead of the employees. Trading was hence suggested to be stopped as soon as company understands their insolvent position in the marketing. It was hence found that companies have alternatives rather than winding up their business, where they can appoint a voluntary administrator to recover from the situation. Here, the directors can save the company from liquidation and from getting completely wound up. Conclusively, it was found to be important for the directors to disclose everything to their investors, banks as well as shareholders, so that fairness could be displayed and collaborative effort could be provided to rescue the business along with its stakeholders. References ASIC, 2014, directors - what happens if company insolvent, Australian Securities Investment Commission, viewed 18 September 2017, https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/directors-what-happens-if-company-insolvent/. ASIC, 2016, Directors' liabilities when things go wrong, Australian Securities Investment Commission viewed 18 September 2017, https://asic.gov.au/for-business/your-business/tools-and-resources-for-business-names-and-companies/asic-guide-for-small-business-directors/directors-liabilities-when-things-go-wrong/. ASIC, 2016a, Corporate insolvencies: September quarter 2016, Australian Securities Investment Commission viewed 19 September 2017, https://download.asic.gov.au/media/4110020/201609-sept-qtr-2016-summary-analysis.pdf. ASIC, 2016b, corporate insolvencies: December quarter 2016, Australian Securities Investment Commission, viewed 19 September 2017, https://download.asic.gov.au/media/4173835/201612-dec-qtr-2016-summary-analysis.pdf. ASIC, 2017, winding up an insolvent company, Australian Securities Investment Commission, viewed 18 September 2017, https://asic.gov.au/for-business/closing-your-company/deregistration/winding-up-an-insolvent-company/. ASIC, 2017a, insolvency: a guide for directors, Australian Securities Investment Commission, viewed 18 September 2017, https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/insolvency-a-guide-for-directors/. ASIC, 2017b, corporate insolvencies: March quarter 2017, Australian Securities Investment Commission, viewed 19 September 2017, https://download.asic.gov.au/media/4285156/201703-mar-qtr-2017-summary-analysis.pdf. ASIC, 2017c, corporate insolvencies: June quarter 2017, Australian Securities Investment Commission, viewed 19 September 2017, https://download.asic.gov.au/media/4410590/201706-june-qtr-2017-summary-analysis.pdf. ASIC, 2017d, our role, Australian Securities Investment Commission viewed 19 September 2017, https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/what-we-do/our-role/. Australian Government, 2014, Corporations Act 2001, Federal Register of Legislation, viewed 18 September 2017, https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2014C00519. Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2012, the informed director, insolvency information, viewed 18 September 2017, https://www.companydirectors.com.au/~/media/resources/membership/pdf/insolvency-information.ashx. BTSA, 2017, 10 signs of business insolvency - part 1, Business Turnaround Services Australia, viewed 18 September 2017, https://www.businessturnaround.net.au/10-signs-that-your-business-is-facing-insolvency-part-1. BTSA, 2017a, 10 signs of business insolvency - part 2, Economics Turnaround Services Australia, viewed 18 September 2017, https://www.businessturnaround.net.au/10-signs-that-your-business-is-facing-insolvency-part-2. BTSA, 2017a, 10 signs of business insolvency - part 2, Business turnaround services Australia, viewed 18 September 2017, https://www.businessturnaround.net.au/10-signs-that-your-business-is-facing-insolvency-part-2. Corrs, 2017, directors' duties - insolvent trading: five rules to deal with a company in financial difficulty, Corrs Chambers Westgarth, viewed 18 September 2017, https://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/directors-duties-insolvent-trading-five-rules-to-deal-with-a-company-in-financial-difficulty/. CRS Insolvency Services, 2014, Voluntary and involuntary company liquidation, media, viewed 18 September 2017, https://crsinsolvencyservices.com.au/voluntary-and-involuntary-company-liquidation/. District Court of Queensland, 2012, Andrew Fielding as Liquidator of Lyngray Developments Pty Ltd v Dushas auditing [2012] QDC 96 (11 May 2012), Cases, viewed 19 September 2017, https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/qld/QDC/2012/96.html. Federal Court of Australia, 2012, Valuestream Investment Management Ltd v Richmond Management Pty Ltd [2012] FCA 898 (22 August 2012), cases, viewed 19 September 2017, https://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCA/2012/898.html Federal Court of Australia, 2012a, Robinson, in the matter of Darrell Lea chocolate shops pty ltd (administrators appointed) [2012] FCA 833 (3 August 2012), Cases, viewed 18 September 2017, https://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCA/2012/833.html. Moroney, L 2017, directors and shareholder liabilities during insolvency: what you need to know, legal vision, viewed 18 September 2017, https://legalvision.com.au/directors-and-shareholders-liabilities-during-insolvency/. Taylor, S 2017, Restructuring and insolvency in Australia: overview, Thomson Reuters, viewed 19 September 2017, https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/2-502-1459?transitionType=DefaultcontextData=(sc.Default)firstPage=true

Good communication with children free essay sample

Establishing a good relationship with all the children it’s of great importance. In my opinion, listening, it’s one of the most efficient ways in with to establish a respectful and professional relationship with children. You have to give the children full attention when listening to them. Using body language, facial expression, speech, and gesture help a lot in achieving this goal. The process of listening, without interruption, to what the children have to say, shows them that you are interested in what he wants to say, in their views, opinions related to an event, and encourages them to interact with you. Another key of importance it’s to treat all the children as an equal. The teacher must not make differences between the children. You have to show the same interest to all of them, to treat them with love and deduction. For example, finding out about some of their interests and hobbies will also show them that you are really interested in. We will write a custom essay sample on Good communication with children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Learning all the children names, how to spell them and how to pronounce them it’s an effort to be taken in order to establish a good communication between. Professionally this is very important; being able to put a face to a name will ensure the child’s safety.Fairness ’s another point to be considered. Children have a great respect for fairness; ‘it’s not fair’ is a common phrase in the classroom.In order to be fair in a classroom situation, you should allow the children to explain their version of events; again this shows that you are willing to listen to them carefully. However it is important to be consistent in situations, if two children break the same rule it would be unfair to punish one and not the other, this would result in lack of respect from the children. It would also be unfair if you were to show favoritism, like letting your ‘favourites’ get away with things that you would punish other children for.The teacher ’s a role model for the children. Children always have stories to tell and being interested and polite shows them that you have listened to them. Being polite not only shows respect but as an adult being polite is a good role model for the children. Children mimic the behavior of adults, if you are polite, honest, fair and respectful to children there is more chance that they will act the same towards you.

buy custom Knowledge, Education, and Scholarship on and through the Web essay

buy custom Knowledge, Education, and Scholarship on and through the Web essay Abstract Good communication is vital for the facilitation of effective learning. The embracing of the web in the learning has opened up a new chapter in the education sector and above all introduced new ways of scholarship that is not bounded by the walls of the class and the distance between the teacher and the learner. The increased access to the ICTs, especially the web has transformed the way people, work, learn, play and communicate thereby revolutionizing the education sector as the knowledge becomes more and more critical to our lives. The overall acceptance of the internet, and the ever advancing education applications, has also created new ways of knowledge transfer and scholarship through the web. Universities have taken the advantage of the internet, and developed courses that rely only on the access to the internet. These courses have improved the access and also reduced the cost of scholarship Author Keywords: Knowledge; education; internet; scholarship; web; Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) Introduction The rapid advancement of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has dramatically affected the economic and social activities as well as in the acquisition of the, creation, dissemination and the use of knowledge. This advancement affects the way in which the manufacturers, service providers, and governments are organized, controlled and how they in turn perform their functions. Knowledge has become an increasingly important aspect in our competitiveness in the world arena. The use of the ICTs has reduced the transaction costs, time, and space barriers thereby allowing the mass production of customized goods and services and thereby overcoming the limiting factors of production and use. With investments in the ICTs, growth in the internet use has also risen. In addition, the rapid advancements in the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the web use over the course of the last decade has affected a significant number of issues of our contemporary lives including the education. These new information technologies have the potential to change post-secondary education through the use of virtual universities and learning institutions (universities and institutions that offer courses exclusively through the web), distance education and new instructional practices offered through the traditional setting (this may include the normal teaching by the virtual teacher through the web in a classroom set-up). Nowadays, the educational material or knowledge can be found anywhere, anytime and by everybody who has access to the web. Its common knowledge that the web is packed with information of uncertain quality and importance and therefore, every web user should be able to pick out viable and useful information efficiently from this poo l of unsorted information. Its also essential for any web user to know how and where to obtain useful and qualitative information regarding their interests. This fact has found its way into universities and educational institutions that make the use these developments to their advantage by involving themselves in on-demand web based education and training. The course delivery is done through course delivery platforms such as Ariadne web based learning environment and electronics books which in turn make use of authoring tools such as InterBook. The Internet facilitates two way communications. The students can receive their course resources, content, and exams online as well as being updated on any small change in the versions of the curriculum. The accessibility to the web allows for the assessment of the quality of the exams and the curriculum offered. The learners can also be given potential access to learning from a variety of providers on the comfort of his or her home. The web use has significantly expanded the field of education provision and scholarship to the point where leading universities now host comprehensive online and distace education programs offering their courses at international marketplace. This borderless education or simply edgeless university ensures that same quality education can be accessed by the mass audience regardless of location, time, or space. Web usage has also led to new opportunities for informal exchange of expertise, knowledge and folk wisdom between individuals and independent institutions. Through social media applications like Wikipedia, for example, knowledge has changed from being a realm of the few to being accessible and created by all. Therefore, leaning has now shifted from taking place at the same place and at the same time to taking place anywhere and at any time. It also offers the learners the possibility of speeding or slowing down their courses depending on the content and therefore, being more learn er-centered than teacher-centered. World Bank has estimated that by the year 2020, around ninety (90) million students will be taking degrees or shorter qualifications via distance learning. It also estimates that the market of education could be worth more than one hundred billion dollars ($100b). According to John Chambers, the chief executive officer of cisco network and systems, termed the rise of the internet based learning application to be the next big thing. The major drivers of e learning are the substantial benefits that accompany it. These include: Lower costs ; Enhanced business responsiveness; Messages that are consistent or customized depending on the needs; Timely or dependable content; Prolonged study periods; No ramp up time; Universality; The build-up of the community; Scaleability; The leverage of corporate investment on the web; The provision of an increasingly valuable customer service. The use of ICTs in education can stimulate creativity, thereby providing a medium of thinking differently. The hyperlinks and related information sources can be navigated with a lot of ease and at any point thereby allowing non-linear learning that is learner centered and customized learning that has not been known before. The use of the web has also led to the development of E-psychology in which the internet technologies is incorporated with the ICTs. In E-psychology, the web constitutes the transmission medium in psychological intervention, assessment, orientation, and specialized counseling as a means of interaction between a patient and the therapist. In addition to e-psychology, the web has also found another use as a source of knowledge in the issues pertaining to health. According to a recent study, web users were found to trust entirely the results of the prominent and well known websites when they were gathering the information of their health issues without consulting their physical therapists or internet experts.These virtual environments use tools like e-mails, chat rooms, discussion forums audio and video conferencing for their interaction between the therapists and patients or in the integration of other tools for educational purposes in the e-learning environments. The numerous advantages of e-learning or education as a learner- centered over the teacher-centered learning includes the students ability to learn by discovery as opposed to instruction, learning how to learn as opposed to absorbing of the materials presented and also the teacher as a facilitator as opposed to the teacher as a transmitter. In addition, e-learning is a lifelong learning as there are no barriers to it. The students enjoy thhe courses at their own convenient time opposed to the institution based learning where the students must be available at designated time and places. The concept of digital scholarships has been on the upswing with the technologies that are core to it. These technologies that include the internet, the world wide web, computing grids and digital libraries all exist in the social and political contexts and have significantly evolved over time. The research universities are central to the internet and to the issuance of scholarship in the research discovery, integration, application and knowledge transfers all of which require the web for research and development of the research. In discovery, those awarded the scholarships must advance specific, specialized knowledge. Discovery not only contributes to the overall knowledge but also on the intellectual atmosphere of an institution or a department. In the integration, the individuals awarded the scholarship look for the new relationship between the parts and the whole and thus, bring about new insights to sustain the original research. Its the scholarships of integrations that make vi tal connections between disciplines by altering the contexts in which people view knowledge, and offsetting the inclination of to split knowledge into ever more esoteric bits and pieces. In application scholarships, the new way of knowledge utilization are addressed. In addition, the interaction between theory and the practice is addressed. The scholarship of the application consists in using the knowledge for the benefit of the individuals, institutions, and society. The main aim in this scholarship is the dissemination of useful, testable, and reproducible information to others. And lastly in the knowledge transfers scholarships the new ways of transmitting and extending the knowledge are addressed. The standards of assessment of scholarly work are the clear goals, adequate preparations, usage of the appropriate methods, significant results, effective presentation and reflective critique. These are meant to help the scholar to state the basic purpose of his work, to define the objectives that are realistic and achievable thereby identifying the important questions to use in the field. Also to show an understanding of the existing scholarship in the field, bring skills and resources to the body of the work, utilize a methodology that is appropriate to goals effectively and thereby modify the procedures depending on the changing circumstances among others in the preparation and the conduct of the research. During the presentation of the results, these guidelines help the scholar to achieve his or her set goals, utilize a suitable style and organization to present the findings clearly and with integrity and lastly to critically evaluate his or her work thereby bringing in the breat h of evidence. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge all who helped me in any way in the writing of this doctoral thesis. It would not have been possible to write this doctoral thesis without the help, support and encouragement of the kind and supportive people around me. And for any errors or the inadequacies that may arise in the course of my work, the responsibility lies entirely on me. Conclusion The Internet and the web have now become an integral component of academic life. From all aspects of education, learning and scholarship, people rely on the internet connections for access to information resources, for the interpersonal communication, in search for support of research and learning, access to administrative resources, entertainment, and simple day-to- day tasks . In order to ensure the competitiveness of the web services, the countries involved need to ensure fair pricing and appropriate legal infrastructure to deal with online transactions. Its therefore crucial to incorporate the government, the telecommunication and service providers, business, and individual users when formulating these strategies. Buy custom Knowledge, Education, and Scholarship on and through the Web essay

Monitoring, tracking, and control technology on aviation industry Dissertation

Monitoring, tracking, and control technology on aviation industry - Dissertation Example The return of the airline systems to their normal schedules largely depend on the need and emergency of the schedule. For instance, there may be airline systems that require the schedule to get back to their normal plans by the next day. Hence controllers in this regard would cancel the flights or shift the passengers to other carriers, and then have time for the necessary measures (Yu, 1998, p.323). According to Dillingham (1997), e need for monitoring, tracking and control technology in the aviation industry is primarily required for attaining safety and security in the industry. This is mainly focused on the reduction of accidents of different flights. The air traffic control mechanism and processes have modified significantly keeping focused on the need for safety and security of the aviation industry. In the present times, the air traffic control can be found to have modernized extensively for this purpose. Thus the processes now include new radars, processing of data that are a utomated, navigation, surveillance, and equipments for effective communications. Thus the use of technology is effectively made in the present times trying to achieve monitoring, tracking and control on the industry (Dillingham, 1997, pp.1-5). ... There are impacts of emissions of carbon dioxide as well followed by the crowd of airlines in the skies. Thus the studies reveal that while on one hand, the aviation industry has lot to give to the economy of the world, on the other hand, the industry is faced with difficulties arising from climatic changes and competitions (Capoccitti, Khare & Mildenberger, 2010). Thus it can be understood that the need for successful delivery of flights and services across the airlines is highly essential for the airline companies. This would naturally require the airline companies to think of proper monitoring, tracking and control technology to be used such that the successful services of the aviation industry may be achieved. The need for monitoring, tracking and control technology is more for the aviation industry since it intends to lessen the environmental impact followed by emissions. The management of air traffic proves to be one of the efficient measures in this regard. Inefficiencies are still obtained as far as air traffic management is concerned and hence need improvement in this area of the industry. In order to attend the problem of climate change that is also encountered by other industries the aviation industry also has plans to reorganize their business model. â€Å"They will have to probably agree to be part of a network that moves people and goods from one place to another in an efficient and timely manner† (Capoccitti, Khare & Mildenberger, 2010). In order to reduce the emissions from the aviation industry, some of the measures have been found to be effective. These include: strengthening of the leadership strategy across the world, increasing the

European Practice Towards Asylum Seekers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

European Practice Towards Asylum Seekers - Essay Example However, a recent poll revealed that on average the British public believes that 23 percent of the world's refugees and asylum seekers are in the UK, which is more than ten times the actual figure. According to the UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), there were almost 19.8 million people of concern to the agency worldwide as of 1 January 2002, of which over 12 million were refugees and 940,800 were asylum seekers. Approximately one in every 300 people on earth is a refugee. (Refugee, 2005a) two third of all refugees are hosted in the Middle East and in Africa. Taking the greatest burdens are Iran, Burundi and Guinea. Indeed, monthly asylum figures in countries such, as Tanzania and Pakistan are comparable to the total annual asylum application statistics of some of the European countries. (Refugee, 2005a) Population: The UK also takes in a small number of refugees relative to its population. Whereas the UK hosts just over 3 refugees per 1,000 inhabitants or 0.3 per cent of its population, Armenia hosts 70, Congo hosts 40, and Yugoslavia hosts 38. (Refugee, 2005a) Europe: While in terms of absolute numbers the UK received more applicants (85,865) than any other EU country in 2002. Most of the applicants were from Iraq, Zimbabwe, Somalia and Afghanistan, countries with well-documented human rights abuses. Between 1990 and 2000, just under two million people applied for asylum in Germany, four times as many as in the UK. When compared to the size of the total national population among European countries to host asylum seekers, the UK ranked only 8th in Europe in 2002 and 12th over the past decade as a whole (1992-2001). Whereas the UK received 1.9 asylum seekers per 1,000 inhabitants, it lagged well behind Austria (4.6 per capita), Norway (3.9), Sweden (3.7), Switzerland, Ireland (3.1), Liechtenstein (2.8) and Luxembourg (2.4). (Refugee, 2005a) Applications in the UK accounted for 19 percent of all asylum claims lodged in the industrialised world during 2002, followed by the USA (14 percent), Germany (12 percent) and France (9 percent). The UK, Germany and France accounted for 50 percent of all asylum applications submitted in Europe in 2002, with the UK taking 24 percent. However, the UK's refugee population is by no means disproportionate when compared to the rest of Europe. In 2001, the UK's proportion of refugees to its population was roughly in line with that of Europe as a whole a ratio of 1 to 317. Refugee Action supports current discussions amongst European governments for a common, unified EU policy for dealing with asylum applications which would ensure that European countries share their responsibilities while maintaining the highest standards of refugee protection and human rights. (Refugee, 2005a) During 1992-2001, while 86 percent of the world's estimated 12 million refugees originated from developing countries. For

The New Deal Saving Liberal Democracy Politics Essay

The New Deal Saving Liberal Democracy Politics Essay In 1932, in the midst of the economic depression Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected American president. He won the election with outstanding success, receiving 472 out of the possible 531 votes with the Electoral College and inflicting the worst defeat since 1912 upon his Republican rival1. The reason for this was the enthusiastic support given by the general population to his proposal of a New Deal a highly experimental programme of legislative reforms with no defined ideology, intended at stimulating economic recovery. Having to face a continuously worsening economic depression, with over 13 millions unemployed, Roosevelt acted quickly, and within the first hundred days of his presidency passed startling bursts of reform legislation2 which in effect prevented the collapse of the economy and began to tackle some of the most pressing social problems, primarily unemployment. Though, as Conkin states, the New Deal did not provide any new clarification of the dilemmas of liberal democracy3, if one assumes that the prime basis for liberal democracy is a prosperous society, then he is justified to claim that by preventing economic collapse, Roosevelt thus saved liberal democracy in America. For the purpose of this essay, let us accept the encyclopedic definition of liberal democracy as a representative democracy where the ability of elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law and moderated by a constitution which emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals and minorities (also called constitutional liberalism), and which places constraints on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised. Recently, the term liberal democracy came to acquire a socialist, or perhaps event communist undertone in America, but since this can be rather classified as a misunderstanding of the term, it will be neglected. Essentially, the question posed consists of two major issues; firstly, one must consider the extent to which the New Deal policies corresponded with the liberal democratic ideology, and secondly whether the New Deal actually saved American liberal democracy. The second question essentially consists of several issues; the extent to which the liberal democracy was under threat in America, the role of the New Deal in saving it, the role of other factors, and the extent to which the New Deal was a radical innovation as opposed to being simply a natural continuation of previous policies, in which case it could not be honored for saving liberal democracy. Effectively, the aim of the following essay is to suggest that the New Deal was not liberal democratic in its nature and that if it did support liberal democracy in America, which incidentally was not critically threatened, it did so as a by-consequence of trying to improve the economic situation and solely from an economic, as opposed to a political, perspective. In addition, the importance of the Second World War as a contributive factor to economic recovery will be underlined. So let us address the first question: How Liberal was the New Deal itself? From a political perspective the New Deal can hardly be classified as Liberal Democratic in nature since it did not aim to promote a representative democracy where the ability of elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law and moderated by a constitution. In fact, it did the exact opposite when Roosevelt proposed the Court reform bill4 by which he was planning to allow for the packing of the Supreme Court and which also presumed a reduction of the Courts power. Since the Court was the principal guard against the governments violation of the constitution, it clearly went directly against the liberal democratic principles. The problem was that the Court declared unconstitutional several of Roosevelt projects, and he saw it as one of the main obstacles is his way to pass legislation; he was thus determined to reform it thus overcoming its opposition. The New Deal on the whole saw an expansion of the presidential functions5 and a decline of the party system, since Roosevelt considered traditional party politics an obstacle to the modernization of American government6. Since this meant weakening the power 1 Leuchtenburg p.17 2 Badger p. 7 3 Auerbach p. 19 4 Leuchtenburg p. 237 5 Ibid. p. 327 6 Milkis p. 480 of elected representatives of the people, in also stood in contradiction with democratic principles; instead of democratic liberalism Roosevelt was aiming at militant liberalism7. In the economy, a rather pragmatic as opposed to ideological approach was adopted, and Roosevelt clearly diverged from the liberal Keynesian policies of creating full employment by means of public work schemes; one of Roosevelts main convictions was the necessity to balance the budget, and thus, governmental spending was minimized8. Hence, to help cover the costs of the emerging welfare system, taxes were increased9. So in what sense was the New Deal Liberal Democratic? The bases for the argument promoting such a view were the welfare policies one of the basic pillars of liberal democracy since more progress was made in public welfare and relief than in the [previous] three hundred years10. However, this area too was not without controversy since on the one hand as Irwin Unger argues that New Deal [was] the immediate source of the liberal welfare state11, but on the other, C. Gardner stresses the fact that it did not solve any of the fundamental problems 12. Numerous welfare policies were introduce, namely the National Youth Asssociation which was a considerable success helping young people find work13, the Home Owners Loan Corporation which protected Americans who has been hit by depression from losing their property and relief programmes such as the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civil Works Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. The greatest single reform however w as the Social Security Act which included unemployment compensation, old-age and survival insurance, public assistance programs for dependant children and the blind14, housing projects, economic relief programs15. Though overall liberal, it had several flaws; national health insurance was absent and family allowances, public assistance and unemployment insurance remain ungenerous by international standards16 whilst many categories of workers were excluded from the Act all together17. Excluded too was the black population, which became another controversial issue, since liberalism actively promotes the protection of minorities. The NRA saw the blacks being paid less than the white, the TVA largely avoided employing blacks and the AAA was not effective in protecting the interest of black sharecroppers and tenant farmers. On the whole, Roosevelt did attempt to promoted racial equality as for example by promoting blacks to secondary posts in government18; yet as many of his critics poi nt out, he did not introduce a Civil Rights Legislation19 fearing opposition from the Southern states, and hence only few welfare projects, namely the NYA, benefited the black population. Similarly, the promotion of womens rights was undertaken women being included in government for the first time20, but only on a small scale. Hence, it is debatable whether the New Deal can be classified as liberal democratic, since only from a social perspective can it truly be considered such. So how could it save liberal democracy? In order to assess that, let us first identify the threats that were present. When the New Deal was first introduced, the economy was continuously declining; the banking system was collapsing as banks were failing, demand was falling, agricultural overproduction depreciated prices and droughts further undermined the income of the farmers who were struggling to pay their taxes and debt obligations, in towns unemployment rose to 15.9% in 193121 and wages were cut, production was shrinking in most fields and workers suffered from malnutrition and destitution. In we accept that economic prosperity or at least minimal wage available to the majority of the population is a necessary requirement for Liberal Democracy, then one could easily claim that from an economic perspective the latter was increasingly under threat in America at the beginning of the 1930s, as economic plight was severe and conditions were only deteriorating. One could go as far as claiming that unless a series of effective economic reforms was introduced, the economic system would collapse bringi ng an end to liberal democracy; the scale of the economic plight was reflected in the general mood of despair and the belief that depression was permanent22 as well as increasingly emigration of workers and a drastic fall in birth rate. 7 Ibid. p. 486 8 Skocpol p. 40 9 Louchheim p. 150 10 Leuchtenburg p. 332 11 Auerbach p.18 12 Auerbach p. 20 13 Louchheim p. 296 14 Skocpol p. 38 15 Louchheim p. 260 16 Skocpol p. 37 17 Louchheim p. 151 18 Ibid. p. 260 19 Leuchtenburg p. 186 20 Ibid. p. 33 21 Badger p. 18 22 Leuchtenburg p. 29 However, surprisingly perhaps, the democratic government itself was not political threatened in any significant way. Whilst in Europe extremist parties made enormous gains in parliament and their popularity boosted up, America saw no such development and in the elections of 1932, Communists -the most extreme party prepared to challenge liberal democracy only polled 120 000 votes23. Moreover, general mood idleness prevailed and no major protests parallel to those is Europe were seen. Farm strikes, communist demonstrations and miners strikes did occur24, yet did propose an alternative communist political system, but rather simply expressed their grievances. In there was a threat, it came from the suggestions to strengthen the powers of the executive, radical enough to propose dictatorship; a dictatorial of twelve men, a supercouncil or simply a single dictator25. However, these suggestions did not generate violent opposition to the present democratic government. Though Hoovers govern ment was blamed for the depression and as William Dodd put it both political parties have been bankrupted26, the American people did not seem to lose faith in democracy as a political system and when Roosevelt proposed a new proposed a new program, they supported it with faith and enthusiasm. The reason why extremism did not threaten liberal democracy in America as it did in Europe was mainly due to the fact that America was founded upon the principles of liberty and freedom, and never experienced effective dictatorial rule as did most European countries under their monarchs. Hence, in the political sense, the New Deal cannot claim to have saved liberal democracy, since no critical threat actually existed. Ironically however, one could claim that New Deal created such a threat when in 1934 when strikes and riots began to spread27. The protests acquired a much strong communist inclination and Longs Share Our Wealth organization promoting wealth redistribution attracted increasing support28 whilst on Labour Day the textile workers carried out the largest strike ever in America. However, these threats were effectively handled by the government by force in the case of major strikes29; and the general public continued to fear Communist, which meant that no critical threat developed. Also, by adopting a more left-wing approach to the economy, the New Deal managed to undercut radical reforms30 destroying the attractiveness of radical parties. The development of left-wing radicalism can be explained by de Tocquevilles theory that evils become intolerable when avenues of escape are opened31; when the workers were given certain privileges, they began to want more. Hence, if the New Deal is to be acclaimed for handling a political threat to Liberal Democracy, it can only be with respect to the threat it generated itself. This is further supported by the argument that the New Deal created a real threat of dictatorship on Roosevelt part, since, as James Farley notes the presidents attempt to dominate his party indicated his thirst for personal power32 and some congress members genuinely feared his despotism33. Hence, major threat to Liberal Democracy was that of economic collapse, and it is by preventing such a development that the New Deal can claim to have saved the system. However, the issue is far more controversial, so let us now examine the economic policies of the New Deal and determine their influences. During the first hundred days, Roosevelt passed several important pieces of economic legislation; first was the Emergency Banking Act. This in effect revived the collapsing banking system and induced confidence in the population that banks were now safe34, thus being a crucial development as it inspired the general population with faith that the economic depression was about to end and re-established normal monetary relations within the country. Roosevelts next move was to balance by budget by means of the Economy Act; this reassured the business community of Roosevelts fiscal conservatism, and thus promoted the restoration of business relations. He then managed to counter deflation by taking America off the gold standard35, passed the National Recovery Act proposing minimal wages and maximum working hours, established the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to oversee the stock market and introduced the Tennessee Valley Authority which was aimed at generating both electricity fo r the South and employment opportunities36. 23 Ibid. p. 26 24 Ibid. p. 25 25 Ibid. p. 30 26 Ibid. p. 27 27 Badger p. 303 28 Leuchtenburg p. 98 29 Ibid. p. 113 30 Auerbach p. 23 31 Auerbach p. 24 32 Leuchtenburg p. 278 33 Milkis p. 483 34 Leuchtenburg p. 43 35 Ibid. p. 51 36 Ibid. p. 54 Since one of the major problems caused by the depression was the plight in agriculture, the first hundred days also saw the introduction of the Agricultural Adjustment Act; this aimed to increase crop prices37, and protect farmers from uncertainties by subsidies. Though successful in bringing relative stability and prosperity to the farming community farm income rose by 50% during Roosevelts firm term38 and rural debt decreased the Act was a controversy due to the methods it employed. Crop destruction and the slaughtering of livestock to raise prices39 at a time when many families could not afford food, was seen by some as anti-social and overly-capitalist. In general, the first hundred days brought economic recovery, and saved the economy from collapse. However, not all projects were completely successful, e.g. the National Recovery Act was violated by many enterprises, and most of the changes did not in any way permanently alter the economic structure, which allowed for the same problems that caused the depression to arise later. Also, the withdrawal of capital from the economy into reserve funds may be helped to prologue the depression40. In did however induce a variety of stabilizers into the economy41 and introduced one lasting strategy the establishment of the federal government in the role of a broker and arbitrator between the different competing interest groups thus promoting private enterprise and completion, as well as succeeded in improving the overall working conditions42. One can claim that by saving America from collapse the first hundred days of the New Deal proved that democratic reform represented a viable alternative to totalitarianism43 thereby saving liberal democracy. However, one must keep in mind that it was economic recovery, not the saving of liberal democracy which was the main driving force behind the legislations. One must also consider that the success of the first hundred days was however short-lasting, and in 1937 the economy again plunged into recession after a period of revival. The economic situation deteriorated to such an extent that some of the population faced starvation44 and the problems of unemployment, though reduced, presisted. This was partly due to the failure of certain policies in the long-term, which were rather successful in the short term; in other words, the New Deal did not introduced any economic changes that would be far-reaching enough as to change the cyclic nature of the economy45 and thus did not prevent the natural recession of mid-1937. At this point it is vital to stress the importance of the Second World War for the American economy. Since the New Deal largely failed in the long term, one could easily expect that the economic problems and unemployment would persist unsolved for many years to come; the sole reason why this did not happen was the start of the Se cond World War. The war forced the government to allow large expenditures and provided an impetus for economic activity, growth and recovery (for the first time unemployment figures fell to less than 2 million) ultimately, the economic demands of the war provided demand for many industries, rising their levels of production and dragging capital into the economy. Final recovery from the depression was thus only achieved during the war, and many argue that without the opportunities that it presented, the economy under the New Deal would not be able to fully recover; A. L Hamby claims that had not World War II intervened à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the New Deal might well have been considered a failure46. However, one must not underestimate the importance of the New Deal in developing the economy to a stage where it could take effective advantage of the opportunities provided by the war. In effect, the New Deal and the Second World War were two essential steps towards total recovery which could on ly be completely when coupled. Now let us briefly look at the relation between the New Deal and policies that preceded it; many argue that the New Deal was a continuation of the Progressives policies from the before the First World War; this argument is supported by the fact that the government included many old progressives such as Roosevelt himself, and many of the policies, namely the Social Security Act carried a great degree of resemblance to the welfare policies that were being introduced under the progressives47. However, this view by and large 37 Louchheim p. 237 38 Ibid p. 237 39 Leuchtenburg p. 73 40 Louchheim p. 151 41 Hamby p. 4 42 Leuchtenburg p. 69 43 Hamby p. 5 44 Leuchtenburg p. 249 45 Ibid. p. 265 46 Hamby p. 8 47 Ibid. p. 2 incorrect since the Progressives were closely associated with the laissez-faire which the New Deal abandoned, and were motivated in their welfare policies by Victorian humanitarianism48, whereas the New Deal politicians adopted their policies out of economic necessity and liberal considerations. The New Deal differed from the programs of the Hoover administration too, since it was not limited by narrow ideological vision and could embark on rather more radical policies49 which was essential if the economy was to be saved from collapse. Now let us conclusively assess the influence of the New Deal on Liberal Democracy. The New Deal was introduced as response to an economic depression and its policies were thus targeted at solving immediate economic problems rather than saving Liberal Democracy; thus the aims of the New Deal were not liberal. It was only the welfare policies introduced under the New Deal which were of a liberal nature, and even those were adopted out of necessity rather than because of ideological considerations. However, it is correct to acknowledge that the New Deal clearly saved the faith in liberal democracy by proving that a democratic government can fight an economic crisis successfully; it significantly revived the economy and in W. Leuchtenburgs view saved capitalism50 in America. Saving that the New Deal saved Capitalism rather than Liberal Democracy more correct also for the reason that whilst capitalism was threatened by the deteriorating economic depression, Liberal Democracy did not face any significant political threats thanks to the firm democratic tradition. However, if you accept the assumption that capitalism and a prosperous economy are essential foundations for a liberal democratic society, then it is fair to claim that to a large extent the New Deal helped prevent the collapse of the liberal democratic system in America.